Rust

Rust is a compiled, function based language with a unique way to manage memory in order to be efficient (no garbage collector) and memory safety called ownership and borrowing

Variables

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Variables are declared with the let keyword and are immutable by default (keyword mut to make them mutable)

Variable shadowing

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Variables can be shadowed redefining them again with the keyword let and shadow variable persist until the scope where is decleared in survives

let x = 3;
{
  let x=6;
  println!("{x}") // will print 6
}
println!("{x}") // will print 3

Constants

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Constants are like variables but they cannot be defined as mutable

Data types

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Scalable

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Similar to c types: integer,float,bool,char with different precision for integers and float and distinction between signed and unsigned integers

Compound

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Type composed by a collection of values

• tuple size fixed set of element with heterogeneous types
• array size fixed set of element with homogeneous types

Statement and expressions

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Assignment is a statement

let x = y = 3; //this will not compile

But blocks are expression and the semicolon at the end determines the return value (the line without semicolon must be an expression that determines the return value) so this compiles

let x = {
  let y = 6;
  y
};
println!(" asdasd {x}");

Flow control

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if statement

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Classic if statement, no type inference in the condition so this will not compile

let x =3;
if x {
  println!("the value of x is: {x}");
}

The if statement is an expression and the return value is the same of the if/else blocks so they must agree in type

let condition = true;
let x = if condition {5} else {"s"}; // this will give error cause the else block must return int cause the if block returns int

Loops statements

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There are 3 statements for loops loop while for

loop statement

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The loop statement loops indefinitely or until a break keyword is used loops can be tagged with a label to target a specific loop with a break statement (without it a break targets always the inner loop)

Ownership

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Ownership is a strange concept developed to manage memory allocation problems (access to pointers that are not allocated, memory leaks) at compile time, the concept is as follow:

ℹ️ Important

only a variable can posses a block of memory on the heap!!!!

For example if a variable is allocated in the heap (mutable string in this example) only the second one is the owner of the heap memory block

let a = String::from("hello");
// s gets the ownership
let s = a

❗ Warning

In the example the s variable gets ownership and the heap memory block is de-allocated only when s goes out of scope

Ownership in functions

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In functions ownership is passed to the function’s actual parameter

fn super_print(s: String) {
  println!("{s}")
}

let a = String::from("hello");

// ownership is passed to the actual parameter of the function
super_print(a);
// here the memory for the variable is been freed

// compilation error
println!("{a}")

❗ Warning

In the example above a is being accessed after the ownership has been passed to the function parameter and it results in a compilation error cause the ownership of the heap memory goes out of scope